In a large mixing bowl, whisk together the all-purpose flour, baking powder, baking soda, salt, and granulated sugar until well combined.
In a separate bowl, whisk together the buttermilk, lightly beaten eggs, and vanilla extract (if using) until smooth.
Pour the wet ingredients into the dry ingredients and stir until just combined. It's okay if there are some small lumps in the batter.
Let the pancake batter rest for 10 minutes. This allows the leavening agents to activate and helps achieve a lighter texture.
Heat a large skillet or griddle over medium heat and lightly grease with butter or cooking spray.
Using a ladle or measuring cup, pour 1/3 to 1/2 cup of batter onto the skillet for each pancake.
Cook until bubbles form on the surface of the pancake and the edges begin to look set, about 2-3 minutes.
Carefully flip the pancakes and cook for an additional 1-2 minutes, or until golden brown and cooked through.
Transfer the cooked pancakes to a plate and keep warm while you cook the remaining batter.
Serve the fluffy buttermilk pancakes warm with your favorite toppings, such as butter, maple syrup, fresh fruit, or whipped cream.